the Hollywood era

era n Geol, Hist ère f ; (in politics, fashion etc) époque f ; the era of the mini-skirt l'époque de la mini-jupe ; the Christian era l'ère chrétienne ; to mark the end of an era marquer la fin d'une époque ; the Hollywood era l'époque hollywoodienne.

см Hollywood Ten

   ■ ADAMS, Les, y RAYNEY, Buck. Shoot’em-Ups. The Complete Reference Guide to Westerns of the Sound Era. New Rochelle, New York: Arlington House, 1978.

   ■ ANDERSON, Lindsay. About John Ford. Londres: Plexus, 1981.

   ■ ARESTE, Jose Maria. Pero….donde esta Willy? En busca de William Wyler. Madrid: Rialp, 1998.

   ■ ASTRE, Georges-Albert, y HOARAU, Albert Patrick. Univers du western. Paris: Seghers, 1973.

   ■ BELLIDO LOPEZ, Adolfo y NUNEZ SABIN, Pedro. Budd Boetticher. Un caminante solitario. Valencia: Filmoteca de la Generalitat, 1995.

   ■ BINH, N.T. Joseph L. Mankiewicz. Madrid: Catedra, 1994.

   ■ BOGDANOVICH, Peter (entrevistador). John Ford. Madrid: Fundamentos, 1983.

   ■ BOGDANOVICH, Peter. Fritz Lang en America. Madrid: Fundamentos, 1984.

   ■ BOUINEAU, Jean-Marc, CHARLOT, Alain, y FRIMBOIS, Jean-Pierre. Les 100 chefs-d’oeuvre du western. Alleur (Belgique): Marabout, 1989.

   ■ BOURGET, Jean-Loup. John Ford. Paris: Rivages, 1990.

   ■ BOURGOIN, Stephane. Roger Corman.Paris: Edilig, 1983.

   ■ BOURGOIN, Stephane. Richard Fleischer. Paris: Edilig, 1986.

   ■ BOURGOIN, Stephane y MERIGEAU, Pascal. Serie B. Paris: Edilig, 1983.

   ■ BRANSON, Clark. Howard Hawks. A Jungian Study. Santa Barbara: Capa Press, 1987.

   ■ BRION, Patrick. Richard Brooks. Paris: Chene, 1986.

   ■ BUSCOMBE, Edward (ed.). The BFI Companion to the Western. London: Andre Deutsch/BFI Publishing, 1988.

   ■ BUSCOMBE, Edward. Stagecoach. Londres, BFI, 1992.

   ■ CASAS, Quim. El western. El genero americano. Barcelona: Paidos, 1994.

   ■ CASAS, Quim. John Ford. El arte y la leyenda. Barcelona: Dirigido por, 1989.

   ■ CASAS, Quim. Howard Hawks. La comedia de la vida. Barcelona: Dirigido por, 1998.

   ■ CASAS, Quim. Fritz Lang. Madrid: Catedra, 1991.

   ■ CHARLOT, Alain, FRIMBOIS, Jean-Pierre, y BOUINEAU, Jean-Marc. Les 100 chefs-d’oeuvre du western. Alleur (Belgique): Marabout, 1989.

   ■ CIMENT, Gilles (director). John Huston. Paris: Positif-Rivages, 1988.

   ■ CIMENT, Michel (entrevistador). Elia Kazan por Elia Kazan. Madrid: Fundamentos, 1987.

   COCCHI, John. The Westerns. A Picture Quiz Book. New York: Dover, 1976.

   COMA, Javier. Diccionario del western clasico. Barcelona: Plaza y Janes, 1992.

   COMAS, Angel. Lo esencial de Anthony Mann. Madrid: T & B, 2004.

   CORMAN, Roger (con Jim Jerome). How I Made a Hundred Movies in Hollywood and Never Lost a Dime. New York: Random House, 1990.

   CUEVAS, Efren. Elia Kazan. Madrid: Catedra, 2000.

   DIXON, Wheeler W. The “B” Directors. A Biographical Directory. Metuchen, New Jersey: The Scarecrow Press, 1985.

   DUMONT, Herve. Robert Siodmak. El maestro del cine negro. Madrid-San sebastian: Filmoteca Espanola, 1987.

   DUMONT, Herve. William Dieterle. Antifascismo y compromiso romantico. San Sebastian-Madrid: Filmoteca Espanola, 1994.

   DURGNAT, Raymond, y SIMMON, Scott. King Vidor, American. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.

   EDWARDS, Anne. The De Milles. An American Family. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1988.

   ERICE, Victor y OLIVER, Jos. Nicholas Ray y su tiempo. Madrid: Filmoteca Espanola, 1986.

   FAGEN, Herb. The Encyclopedia of Westerns. Facts on File, 2003.

   FERNANDEZ-SANTOS, Angel. Mas alla del Oeste. Madrid: Ed. El Pais, 1988.

   FETROW, Alan G. Sound Films, 1927-1939. A United States Filmography. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland, 1992.

   FINLEY, Joel W. The Movie Directors Story. Londres: Octopus, 1985.

   FRENCH, Philip. Westerns. Aspects of a Movie Genre. New York: The Viking Press, 1973.

   FRIMBOIS, Jean-Pierre, BOUINEAU, Jean-Marc, y CHARLOT, Alain. Les 100 chefs d’oeuvre du western. Alleur (Belgique): Marabout, 1989.

   GALLAGHER, Tag. John Ford. The Man and His Films. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986.

   GARFIELD, Brian. Western Films. A Complete Guide. New York: Da Capo, 1982.

   GEIST, Kenneth L. Pictures Will Talk. The Life & Films of Joseph L. Mankiewicz. New York: Scribner, 1978.

   GIULIANI, Pierre. Raoul Walsh. Paris: Edilig, 1986.

   GRIVEL, Daniele, y LACOURBE, Roland. Robert Wise. Paris: Edilig, 1985.

   HARDY, Phil. The Western. London: Aurum Press, Revised Edition, 1991.

   HAUSTRATE, Gaston. Arthur Penn. La vida se mueve. Valladolid: 39 Semana Internacional de Cine, 1994.

   HENRIET, G, y MAUDUY, J. Geographies du western. Une nation en marche. Paris: Nathan, 1989.

   HEREDERO, Carlos F. Sam Peckinpah. Madrid: Ediciones JC, 1982.

   HILLIER, Jim y WOLLEN, Peter (editores). Howard Hawks. American Artist. Londres: BFI, 1996.

   HITT, Jim. The American West from Fiction (1823-1976) into Film (1909-1986). Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland, 1990.

   HOARAU, Albert-Patrick, y ASTRE, Georges-Albert. Univers du western. Paris: Seghers, 1973.

   HOLLAND, Ted. B Western Actors Encyclopedia. Facts, Photos and Filmographies for More than 250 Familiar Faces. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland, 1989.

   HURTADO, Jose A y LOSILLA, Carlos. Richard Fleischer, entre el cielo y el infierno..Valencia: Filmoteca de la Generalitat Valenciana, 1997.

   HUSTON, John. A libro abierto. Madrid: Espasa Calpe, 1986.

   JENSEN, Paul M. Fritz Lang. Madrid: JC, 1990.

   KAZAN, Elia. Mi vida. Madrid: Temas de Hoy, 1990.

   LACOURBE, Roland, y GRIVEL, Daniele. Robert Wise. Paris: Edilig, 1985.

   LARDIN, Ruben. Sam Peckinpah. Hermano perro. Valencia: Midons, 1988.

   LEEMAN, Sergio. Robert Wise on His Films. Los Angeles: Silman-James, 1995.

   LEUTRAT, Jean-Louis. Le Western. Archeologie d’un genre. Lyon: Presses Universitaires de Lyon, 1987.

   LEUTRAT, Jean-Louis. L’Alliance brisee. Le Western des annees 1920. Lyon: Presses Universitaires de Lyon, 1985.

   LEUTRAT, Jean-Louis. John Ford. La Prisonniere du desert. Paris: Adam Biro, 1990.

   LEUTRAT, J.-L., y LIANDRAT-GUIGUES, S. Les Cartes de l’ouest. Un genre cinematographique: le western. Paris: Armand Colin, 1990.

   LIANDRAT-GUIGUES, S, y LEUTRAT, J.-L. Les Cartes de l’ouest. Un genre cinematographique. Le western. Paris: Armand Colin, 1990.

   LOSILLA, Carlos y HURTADO, Jose A. Richard Fleischer, entre el cielo y el infierno. Valencia: Filmoteca de la Generalitat Valenciana, 1997.

   MAUDUY, J, y HENRIET, G. Geographies du western. Une nation en marche. Paris: Nathan, 1989.

   McBRIDE, Joseph y WILMINGTON, Michael. John Ford. Madrid: JC, 1984.

   McBRIDE, Joseph (entrevistador). Hawks segun Hawks. Madrid: Akal, 1988.

   McCARTY, John. The Films of John Huston. Secaucus: Citadel, 1987.

   McGEE, Mark Thomas. Roger Corman. The Best of the Cheap Acts. Jefferson: McFarland, 1988.

   McGOWAN, John J. J.P. McGowan. Biography of a Hollywood Pioneer. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland, 2005.

   MEMBA, Javier. La serie B. Madrid: T & B, 2006.

   MENDEZ-LEITE VON HAFE, Fernando. Fritz Lang. Barcelona: Daimon, 1980.

   MERIDA, Pablo. Michael Curtiz. Madrid: Catedra, 1996.

   MERIGEAU, Pascal y BOURGOIN, Stephane. Serie B. Paris: Edilig, 1983.

   MERIKAETXEBARRIA, Anton. Raoul Walsh…a lo largo del sendero. San Sebastian: Ttarttalo, 1996.

   NASH, Jay Robert, y ROSS, Stanley Ralph. The Motion Picture Guide. 1927-1983. Cinebooks, 1985

   NUNEZ SABIN, Pedro y BELLIDO LOPEZ, Adolfo. Budd Boetticher. Un caminante solitario. Valencia: Filmoteca de la Generalitat, 1995.

   OKUDA, Ted. Grand National, Producers Releasing Company, and Screen Guild/Lippert. Complete Filmographies with Studio Histories. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland, 1989.

   OLIVER, Jos y ERICE, Victor. Nicholas Ray y su tiempo. Madrid: Filmoteca Espanola, 1986.

   PARISH, James Robert, y PITTS, Michael R. The Great Western Pictures. Metuchen, New Jersey: The Scarecrow Press, 1976.

   PARISH, James Robert, y PITTS, Michael R. The Great Western Pictures II. Metuchen, New Jersey: The Scarecrow Press, 1988.

   PITTS, Michael R., y PARISH, James Robert. The Great Western Pictures. Metuchen, New Jersey: The Scarecrow Press, 1976.

   PITTS, Michael R., y PARISH, James Robert. The Great Western Pictures II. Metuchen, New Jersey: The Scarecrow Press, 1988.

   PLACE, J.A. The Western Films of John Ford. Secaucus: Citadel, 1974.

   PLACE, J.A. The Non-Western Films of John Ford. Secaucus: Citadel, 1979.

   RAINEY, Buck, y ADAMS, Les. Shoot’em-Ups. The Complete Reference Guide to Westerns of the Sound Era. New Rochelle, New York: Arlington House, 1978.

   REEMES, Dana M. Directed by Jack Arnold. Jefferson: McFarland, 1988.

   RIEUPEYROUT, Jean-Louis. La grande aventure du western. Du Far West a Hollywood (1894-1963). Paris: Ed, du Cerf, 1964.

   ROMERO GUILLEN, Maria Dolores. Las mujeres en el cine americano de Fritz Lang. Zaragoza: Mira, 2000.

   ROOS, Stanley Ralph, y NASH, Jay Robert. The Motion Picture Guide. 1927-1983. Cinebooks, 1985.

   SANCHEZ BIOSCA, Vicente (coordinador). Mas alla de la duda. El cine de Fritz Lang. Valencia: Universitat de Valencia,1992.

   SIEGEL, Don. A Siegel Film. An Autobiopraphy. London: Faber and Faber, 1993.

   SIMMON, Scott, y DURGNAT, Raymond. King Vidor, American. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.

   SIMMONS, Garner. Peckinpah. A Portrait in Montage. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1982.

   STOWELL, Peter. John Ford. Boston: Twayne, 1986.

   TCHERNIA, Pierre. 80 grands succes du Western. Casterman, 1989.

   THOMPSON, Frank T. William A. Wellman. San Sebastian: Filmoteca Espanola, 1993.

   URKIJO, Francisco javier. Sam Peckinpah. Madrid: Catedra, 1995.

   VARIOS. John Ford. Madrid: Fimoteca espanola, 1991.

   VARIOS. King Vidor. San Sebastian: Nosferatu, n. 31, 2004.

   VARIOS. Sam Fuller. San Sebastian: Nosferatu, n. 12, 1993.

   VARIOS. Jacques Tourneur. Paris: Camera/Stylo, 1986.

   VEILLON, Olivier-Rene. Le cinema americain. Les annees trente. Paris: Du Seuil, 1986.

   VEILLON, Olivier-Rene. Le cinema americain. Les annees cinquante. Paris: Du Seuil, 1984.

   VEILLON, Olivier-Rene. Le cinema americain. Les annees quatre-vingt. Paris: Du Seuil, 1988.

   WALSH, Raoul. Un demi-siecle a Hollywood. Memoires d’un cineaste. Paris: Calmann-Levy, 1976)

   WILMINGTON, Michael y McBRIDE, Joseph. John Ford. Madrid: JC, 1984.

   WOLLEN, Peter y HILLIER, Jim (editores). Howard Hawks. American Artist. Londres: BFI, 1996.

   WOOD, Robin. Howard Hawks. Madrid: JC, 1982.

   ZINNEMANN, Fred. A Life in the Movies. New York: Scribner, 1992.

   ZUMALDE, Imanol. Paisajes del odio. El dispositivo espacial de Centauros del desierto. Valencia: Universitat de Valencia, 1995.

mecca s.f. mecca: Hollywood era la mecca del cinema, Hollywood was the mecca of the cinema.

* * *

nome proprio femminile Mecca

* * *

Mecca

/'mεkka/ ⇒ 2

n.pr.f.

Mecca; una Mecca per a mecca for [ turisti].

SUBJECT AREA: Broadcasting, Electronics and information technology, Photography, film and optics, Recording, Telecommunications

[br]

[br]

[br]

De Forest was born into the family of a Congregational minister that moved to Alabama in 1879 when the father became President of a college for African-Americans; this was a position that led to the family's social ostracism by the white community. By the time he was 13 years old, De Forest was already a keen mechanical inventor, and in 1893, rejecting his father's plan for him to become a clergyman, he entered the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University. Following his first degree, he went on to study the propagation of electromagnetic waves, gaining a PhD in physics in 1899 for his thesis on the "Reflection of Hertzian Waves from the Ends of Parallel Wires", probably the first US thesis in the field of radio.

He then joined the Western Electric Company in Chicago where he helped develop the infant technology of wireless, working his way up from a modest post in the production area to a position in the experimental laboratory. There, working alone after normal working hours, he developed a detector of electromagnetic waves based on an electrolytic device similar to that already invented by Fleming in England. Recognizing his talents, a number of financial backers enabled him to set up his own business in 1902 under the name of De Forest Wireless Telegraphy Company; he was soon demonstrating wireless telegraphy to interested parties and entering into competition with the American Marconi Company.

Despite the failure of this company because of fraud by his partners, he continued his experiments; in 1907, by adding a third electrode, a wire mesh, between the anode and cathode of the thermionic diode invented by Fleming in 1904, he was able to produce the amplifying device now known as the triode valve and achieve a sensitivity of radio-signal reception much greater than possible with the passive carborundum and electrolytic detectors hitherto available. Patented under the name Audion, this new vacuum device was soon successfully used for experimental broadcasts of music and speech in New York and Paris. The invention of the Audion has been described as the beginning of the electronic era. Although much development work was required before its full potential was realized, the Audion opened the way to progress in all areas of sound transmission, recording and reproduction. The patent was challenged by Fleming and it was not until 1943 that De Forest's claim was finally recognized.

Overcoming the near failure of his new company, the De Forest Radio Telephone Company, as well as unsuccessful charges of fraudulent promotion of the Audion, he continued to exploit the potential of his invention. By 1912 he had used transformer-coupling of several Audion stages to achieve high gain at radio frequencies, making long-distance communication a practical proposition, and had applied positive feedback from the Audion output anode to its input grid to realize a stable transmitter oscillator and modulator. These successes led to prolonged patent litigation with Edwin Armstrong and others, and he eventually sold the manufacturing rights, in retrospect often for a pittance.

During the early 1920s De Forest began a fruitful association with T.W.Case, who for around ten years had been working to perfect a moving-picture sound system. De Forest claimed to have had an interest in sound films as early as 1900, and Case now began to supply him with photoelectric cells and primitive sound cameras. He eventually devised a variable-density sound-on-film system utilizing a glow-discharge modulator, the Photion. By 1926 De Forest's Phonofilm had been successfully demonstrated in over fifty theatres and this system became the basis of Movietone. Though his ideas were on the right lines, the technology was insufficiently developed and it was left to others to produce a system acceptable to the film industry. However, De Forest had played a key role in transforming the nature of the film industry; within a space of five years the production of silent films had all but ceased.

In the following decade De Forest applied the Audion to the development of medical diathermy. Finally, after spending most of his working life as an independent inventor and entrepreneur, he worked for a time during the Second World War at the Bell Telephone Laboratories on military applications of electronics.

[br]

KF / JW

(n.) = film making industry, the, film industry, the, movie industry, the

Ex. This article examines some serious problems which are seen to be facing the publishing, record production, broadcasting, and film making industries in the UK because of outdated copyright laws.

Ex. Hollywood film industry is guilty of cultural supremacism, unable to represent issues of cultural difference, heterogeneity, and regionality.

Ex. While much of the economy is teetering between bust and bailout, the movie industry has been startled by a box-office surge that has little precedent in the modern era.

(n.) = film making industry, the, film industry, the, movie industry, the

Ex. This article examines some serious problems which are seen to be facing the publishing, record production, broadcasting, and film making industries in the UK because of outdated copyright laws.

Ex. Hollywood film industry is guilty of cultural supremacism, unable to represent issues of cultural difference, heterogeneity, and regionality.

Ex. While much of the economy is teetering between bust and bailout, the movie industry has been startled by a box-office surge that has little precedent in the modern era.

movie industry, motion picture industry, movie making.

* * *

la industria cinematográfica

la industria del cine

1 to play (practicar un deporte, juego).

jugar al ajedrez/a las cartas to play chess/cards

jugar en un equipo to play for a team

jugar a las muñecas to play with one's dolls

te toca jugar it's your turn o go

jugar limpio/sucio to play clean/dirty

Ellos juegan en la arena They play in the sand.

Ellos juegan tenis They play tennis.

2 to gamble.

jugar a la lotería to play the lottery

jugar a o en la Bolsa to speculate (on the Stock Exchange)

* * *

(u changes to ue in stressed syllables and g changes to gu before e)

Present Indicative

juego, juegas, juega, jugamos, jugáis, juegan.

Past Indicative

jugué, jugaste, jugó, jugamos, jugasteis, jugaron.

Present Subjunctive

juegue, juegues, juegue, juguemos, juguéis, jueguen.

Imperative

juega (tú), juegue (él/Vd.), juguemos (nos.), jugad (vos.), jueguen (ellos/Vds.).

* * *

1) to play

2) gamble

* * *

1. VI

1) [niño, deportista] to play

- jugar con fuego

- jugar con ventaja

- jugar limpio

- jugar sucio

- de jugando

2) (=hacer una jugada)

a) [en ajedrez, parchís] to move

b) [con cartas] to play

3) (=pretender ser)

4)

a) (=manosear) [gen] to play around with, mess around with; [distraídamente] to toy with, fiddle with

b) (=no tomar en serio) [+ sentimientos] to play with

c) (=utilizar) to play with

5) (=influir)

6) (=apostar) to gamble

7) (Bolsa) to speculate

8) LAm (Mec) to move about

2. VT

1) [+ partida, partido] to play

- jugársela a algn

2) [+ papel] to play

3) (=apostar) to bet

4) LAm [+ fútbol, tenis, ajedrez, póker] to play

5) †† [+ espada, florete] to handle, wield

jugarse

* * *

verbo intransitivo

1)

a) ( divertirse) to play

b) (Dep) to play

c) (en ajedrez, damas) to move; ( en naipes) to play; ( en otros juegos) to play

d) ( apostar fuerte) to gamble

e) (fam) ( bromear)

f) (Fin)

2) jugar con

a) <persona/sentimientos> to play with, toy with

b) ( manejar) <colores/luz> to play with

3) factores/elementos ( actuar)

1)

a) <partido/carta> to play

b) (AmL exc RPl) <tenis/fútbol/ajedrez> to play

2)

a) ( apostar)

b) ( sortear)

3) <rol/papel> to play

jugarse v pron

a) ( gastarse en el juego) < sueldo> to gamble (away)

b) ( arriesgar) <reputación/vida> to risk, put... at risk

c) ( apostarse) (recípr)

* * *

= gamble, play, game.

Ex. In the case of bookshops the function of 'buying' calls for real skill since the bookseller is gambling with his (or her) capital in purchasing the goods.

Ex. A man who witnesses said was intoxicated and playing with a handgun died last night after shooting himself in the head.

Ex. The next thing you know, people will never leave their house for any real social interactions and everyone will be gaming all day long.

----

* empezar a jugar mejor = get back into + the game.

* jugar a la ruleta rusa = play + Russian roulette.

* jugar a las apuestas = game.

* jugar a las canicas = play + marbles.

* jugar al azar = gamble.

* jugar al dominó = play + dominoes.

* jugar a los bolos = bowling.

* jugar a lo seguro = play it + safe.

* jugar a los juegos = game.

* jugar bien + Posesivo + baza = play + Posesivo + cards right.

* jugar bien + Posesivo + cartas = play + Posesivo + cards right.

* jugar con = mess with, play + fast and loose with.

* jugar con fuego = court + disaster, play with + fire, court + danger, flirt with + danger.

* jugar de ala izquierda = play + the left wing.

* jugar de extremo derecho = play + the left wing.

* jugar juegos = play + games.

* jugar juntos = play along with.

* jugar limpio = play + fair.

* jugar peligrosamente = flirt with + danger, court + danger.

* jugarse cualquier cosa = bet + Posesivo + life.

* jugarse el cuello = bet + Posesivo + life.

* jugarse el pellejo = risk + Posesivo + life, risk + life and limb.

* jugarse el tipo (por) = stick + Posesivo + neck out (for).

* jugarse el todo por el todo = take + the plunge, risk + life and limb.

* jugarse la cabeza = bet + Posesivo + life.

* jugarse la camisa = bet + Posesivo + life.

* jugarse la piel = risk + Posesivo + life, risk + life and limb.

* jugarse la vida = play + Russian roulette, risk + Posesivo + life, risk + life and limb, bet + Posesivo + life.

* jugárselo todo = go for + broke, shoot (for) + the moon.

* jugárselo todo a una sola carta = put + all (of) + Posesivo + eggs in one basket.

* jugar sobre seguro = play it + safe.

* jugar un papel = play + role.

* mientras juega = at play.

* partido que se juega en casa = home game.

* partido que se juega fuera de casa = away game.

* * *

verbo intransitivo

1)

a) ( divertirse) to play

b) (Dep) to play

c) (en ajedrez, damas) to move; ( en naipes) to play; ( en otros juegos) to play

d) ( apostar fuerte) to gamble

e) (fam) ( bromear)

f) (Fin)

2) jugar con

a) <persona/sentimientos> to play with, toy with

b) ( manejar) <colores/luz> to play with

3) factores/elementos ( actuar)

1)

a) <partido/carta> to play

b) (AmL exc RPl) <tenis/fútbol/ajedrez> to play

2)

a) ( apostar)

b) ( sortear)

3) <rol/papel> to play

jugarse v pron

a) ( gastarse en el juego) < sueldo> to gamble (away)

b) ( arriesgar) <reputación/vida> to risk, put... at risk

c) ( apostarse) (recípr)

* * *

* * *

jugar [ A15 ]

1 (divertirse) to play

¿puedo salir a jugar? can I go out to play?

¡deja de jugar con el televisor! stop playing around o messing around with the television!

jugar A algo to play sth

jugar al fútbol/a la pelota to play football/ball

¿a qué jugamos? what shall we play?

juegan a las cartas por dinero they play cards for money

jugar a las muñecas to play with dolls

juguemos a que yo era la maestra let's pretend I'm the teacher

le gusta jugar a ser el jefe he likes playing (at being) boss

está jugando a ser la hija modelo she's playing (the part of) the model daughter

2 ( Dep) to play

juegan mañana contra el Atlético they're playing (against) Atlético tomorrow

jugar limpio (en deportes) to play fair; (en negocios) to play the game, play fair

jugar sucio (en deportes) to play dirty ( colloq) (en negocios) to be underhand, play dirty

3 (hacer una jugada — en ajedrez, damas) to move; (— en naipes) to play; (en otros juegos) to play, go ( colloq)

¿quieres jugar de una vez? will you hurry up and move/play?

me tocaba jugar a mí it was my turn/move, it was my go ( colloq)

4 (apostar fuerte) to gamble

5 ( Inf) to game

6 ( fam)

(bromear): ¿tú le tiraste del pelo? — pero fue jugando or fue por jugar did you pull her hair? — I was only playing

no sé por qué se ofendió, se lo dije jugando I don't know why he took offense, I was only joking o I only said it as a joke o in jest

ni por jugar: no sube a un avión ni por jugar she wouldn't get on a plane (even) if you paid her

7 ( Fin):

jugaban al alza/a la baja they were betting on a bull/bear market

B jugar con

1 (tratar sin respeto, sin seriedad) to play with

¿te das cuenta de que estás jugando con tu futuro? do you realize you're playing with your future o you're putting your future at risk?

está jugando con tus sentimientos he's playing o toying with your feelings

2 (manejar) to play with

el artista juega con interesantes efectos de luz y sombra the artist plays with interesting effects of light and shade

«factores/elementos» (actuar): jugar a favor de algn to work in sb's favor

jugar en contra de algn to work o count AGAINST sb

1 ‹partido/carta› to play ver tb carta

jugársela a algn to play a dirty trick on sb, to do the dirty on sb ( BrE)

2 ( AmL exc RPl) ‹tenis/fútbol/golf› to play; ‹ajedrez/póquer› to play

1 (apostar) jugar algo A algo to bet sth ON sth

lo jugó todo al 17 he bet o put everything he had on number 17

te juego una cerveza a que me cree I bet you a beer he believes me

(sortear): se juega mañana the draw takes place tomorrow

C ‹rol/papel› to play

1 (gastarse en el juego) ‹sueldo› to gamble, gamble away

2 (arriesgar) ‹reputación/vida› to risk, put … at risk

se lo jugó todo en el negocio she staked o risked everything on the business

se jugaba su credibilidad ante el electorado he was putting his credibility with the voters on the line o at risk

jugarse la vida or ( fam) el pellejo to risk one's life o ( colloq) one's neck

3 (apostarse) ( recípr):

nos habíamos jugado una comida y gané yo we'd bet a meal on it and I won

* * *

a) ( en general) to play;

◊ jugar a la pelota to play ball;

b) (en ajedrez, damas) to move;

◊ me tocaba jugar a mí it was my turn/move/go

c) ( apostar fuerte) to gamble

◊ jugar con

a) ‹persona/sentimientos› to play with, toy with

b) ( manejar) ‹colores/luz/palabras› to play with

a) ‹partido/carta› to play

b) (AmL exc RPl) ‹tenis/fútbol/ajedrez› to play

a) ( gastarse en el juego) ‹ sueldo› to gamble (away)

b) ( arriesgar) ‹reputación/vida› to risk, put … at risk;

◊ jugarse el pellejo (fam) to risk one's neck (colloq)

c) ( apostarse) ( recípr):

◊ nos jugamos una comida we bet a meal on it

* * *

♦ vi

1. [practicar un deporte, juego] to play;

los niños juegan en el patio del colegio the children are playing in the playground;

jugar al ajedrez/a las cartas to play chess/cards;

jugar a la pelota/a las muñecas to play ball/with one's dolls;

juegan a ser astronautas they're playing at astronauts;

¿a qué juegas? what are you playing?;

¿tú a qué juegas, chaval? [en tono de enfado] what do you think you're playing at, pal?;

les gusta jugar con la arena they like playing in the sand;

jugar en un equipo to play for a team;

te toca jugar it's your turn o go;

jugar limpio/sucio to play fair/dirty;

jugar a dos bandas to play a double game;

jugar con fuego to play with fire;

el que juega con fuego se quema if you play with fire you'll get burned;

o jugamos todos o se rompe la baraja either we all do it or nobody does

2. [con dinero] to gamble (a on);

le gusta jugar en los casinos she likes gambling in casinos;

jugar a la lotería to play the lottery;

jugar a las quinielas to do the pools;

le gusta jugar a los caballos he likes a bet on the horses;

jugar a o [m5] en la Bolsa to speculate (on the Stock Exchange);

jugar al alza to try to bull the market, to speculate on share prices rising;

jugar a la baja to try to bear the market, to speculate on share prices falling;

jugar fuerte to bet a lot of money

3. [ser desconsiderado]

jugar con los sentimientos de alguien to toy with sb's feelings

4. [influir]

el tiempo juega en su contra time is against her;

el tiempo juega a nuestro favor time is on our side

♦ vt

1. [partido, juego, partida] to play;

¿jugamos un póquer? shall we have a game of poker?;

jugó bien sus bazas o [m5] cartas she played her cards well

2. [dinero] to gamble (a on);

3. [desempeñar]

la creatividad juega un importante papel en nuestro trabajo creativity plays a very important part o role in our work

♦ See also the pronominal verb jugarse

* * *

I v/t play

II v/i

1 play;

jugar al baloncesto play basketball;

jugar a la bolsa play the stock market;

jugar con fuego fig play with fire;

jugar limpio/sucio play clean/dirty

2 con dinero gamble

* * *

jugar {44} vi

1) : to play

jugar a la pelota: to play ball

2) apostar: to gamble, to bet

3) : to joke, to kid

jugar vt

1) : to play

jugar un papel: to play a role

jugar una carta: to play a card

2) : to bet

♦ See also the reflexive verb jugarse

* * *

jugar vb

1. (en general) to play

2. (dinero) to bet [pt. & pp. bet]

3. (apostar) to gamble

f star

stella alpina edelweiss

stella polare North Star, Pole Star

stella cadente shooting star

stella di mare starfish

fig vedere le stelle see stars

* * *

stella s.f.

1 star: il sole è una stella, the sun is a star; stella del mattino, della sera, morning, evening star; stella doppia, fissa, double, fixed star: stella di tipo B, helium star; stella cadente, shooting (o amer. falling) star; un cielo senza stelle, a starless sky; la luce delle stelle, starlight; il cielo era pieno di stelle, the sky was full of stars // dormire sotto le stelle, to sleep under the stars // stella filante, streamer // a forma di stella, fatto a stella, starlike (o star-shaped): un gioiello a forma di stella, a star-shaped jewel // andare alle stelle, to go sky-high: i prezzi erano alle stelle, prices were sky-high // portare qlcu. alle stelle, to praise s.o. to the skies // vedere le stelle, to see stars: ho visto le stelle quando mi ha colpito sul naso, I saw stars when he hit me on the nose

2 ( destino, fato) star, fate: così vogliono le stelle, it's in the stars; è nato sotto una buona, una cattiva stella, he was born under a lucky, an unlucky star; è perseguitato dalla sua cattiva stella, he is hounded by fate; può ringraziare la sua buona stella se ci è riuscito, he can thank his lucky stars if he has succeeded; la sua stella è tramontata, his sun has set; la sua stella sale, his star is rising (o is in the ascendant); seguire la propria stella, to follow one's star (o destiny)

3 ( diva) star: stella del cinema, film star; stella della televisione, television star; le stelle di Hollywood, the stars of Hollywood // le stelle dello sport, the stars of sport

4 ( emblema) star: la stella di Davide, the star of David // (mil.) generale a una stella, a one-star general // albergo a tre stelle, a three-star hotel

5 ( di cavallo) blaze, star

6 ( rotella dello sperone) rowel

7 (tess.) swift

8 (mecc.) ( di motore stellare) row: a stella semplice, single-row; a doppia stella, double-row

9 (bot.): erba stella, ( Plantago coronopus) buckthorn; stella alpina, ( Leontopodium alpinum) edelweiss; stella di Betlemme, ( Ornithogalum umbellatum) star-of-Bethlehem; stella di Natale, ( Euphorbia pulcherrima) poinsettia (o Christmas flower)

10 (zool.) stella di mare, stella marina, starfish (o sea star).

* * *

sostantivo femminile

1) star

2) (di cavallo) blaze

3) (artista) star

4) colloq. (persona cara) darling

•

••

* * *

stella

/'stella/

sostantivo f.

 1 star; cielo senza -e starless sky; che cosa dicono le -e? what do the stars foretell? what's in the Stars? a (forma di) stella star-shaped; cacciavite a stella Phillips screwdriver^®; la bandiera a -e e strisce the Stars and Stripes; hotel a quattro -e four-star hotel

 2 (di cavallo) blaze

 3 (artista) star; stella del cinema film o movie star

 4 colloq. (persona cara) darling

IDIOMS

essere nato sotto una buona, cattiva stella to be born under a lucky, an unlucky star; dormire sotto le -e to sleep under the open sky o out in the open; salire alle -e [ prezzi] to soar, to (sky)rocket, to shoot up; portare qcn. alle -e to praise sb. to the skies; vedere le -e to see stars

\

COMPOUNDS

stella alpina edelweiss; stella cadente falling o shooting star; stella cometa comet; stella di Davide Star of David; stella filante (di carnevale) (paper) streamer; stella marina starfish; stella del mattino morning star; stella di Natale bot. poinsettia; stella polare North Star, Polaris, pole star.

A a.

doppio: a double consonant, una (consonante) doppia; Her name's Chubb: c-h-u-double b, si chiama Chubb: c-h-u-doppia b; «What's the account number?» «2-9-4-0-double 8», «qual è il numero del conto?» «2-9-4-0- due volte 8»; double space, spazio doppio; (fisc.) double taxation, imposizione doppia; (ferr.) double track, doppio binario; double pay, paga doppia; a double portion (o helping) una porzione doppia; a double meaning, un doppio senso; a double whisky [espresso], un whisky [caffè] doppio; a d layer of fabric, un doppio strato di stoffa; a double coat of paint, due mani di vernice; a double murder, un doppio omicidio; I'm double her age, ho il doppio della sua età; DIALOGO → - School- We had double maths in the afternoon, abbiamo avuto due ore di matematica nel pomeriggio

B avv.

1 il doppio; due volte tanto: It cost me double, mi è costato il doppio

2 doppio ( a immagini sdoppiate): to see double, vederci doppio

3 in due; a doppio: to fold a sheet double, piegare in due un lenzuolo; mettere a doppio un lenzuolo; The poor man was bent double with age, il poveretto era piegato (in due) per l'età avanzata

● (teatr.) double act, numero di una coppia di comici; ( per estens.) coppia di comici: famous double acts such as Laurel and Hardy, coppie famose di comici, come Stanlio e Ollio □ (mecc.) double-acting, a doppio effetto: double-acting cylinder, cilindro a doppio effetto □ (mecc.) double-action, ( di arma da fuoco) ad azione doppia □ double agent, spia che fa il doppio gioco; doppiogiochista □ (mus.) double album, album doppio □ double axe, ascia a doppio taglio □ (mus.) double bar, doppia barra □ double-barrelled, ( di fucile) a due canne; ( di cognome) doppio: Compton-Burnett is a double-barrelled surname, Compton-Burnett è un cognome doppio □ (mus.) double bass, contrabbasso □ (mus.) double bassoon, controfagotto □ double bed, letto a due piazze (o matrimoniale) □ ( di camera) double-bedded, a due letti □ double bind, brutto dilemma: to be in a double bind, trovarsi fra l'incudine e il martello □ double bill, (teatr., cinema) programma che comprende due film (o spettacoli) □ (med., scient.) double blind, doppio cieco: double-blind technique, metodo del doppio cieco □ (mecc.) double-block brake, freno a due ceppi □ ( boxe) double blow, colpo doppiato; doppietta □ double bluff, doppio bluff ( dire la verità a chi si aspetta un bluff) □ double boiler = double saucepan ► sotto □ (chim.) double bond, doppio legame □ (tur.) double booking, doppia prenotazione □ ( anche naut.) double bottom, doppiofondo □ ( di giacca o cappotto) double-breasted, a doppiopetto □ double buffalo = double nickels ► sotto □ double-buffer shoe polisher, pulisciscarpe a due spazzole □ double chin, doppio mento; pappagorgia □ double-chinned, con la pappagorgia □ (comput., Internet) double click, doppio clic ( del mouse) □ double cream, panna molto densa □ double cross, inganno, frode; doppio gioco □ double-crosser, chi fa il doppio gioco con il proprio complice □ (tipogr.) double dagger, doppia croce □ (fam. USA) double date, appuntamento di due coppie ( per uscire insieme) □ double-dealer, persona sleale; doppiogiochista □ double-dealing, (agg.) doppio, ipocrita; (sost.) doppiezza, ipocrisia □ double-decker, nave a due ponti; autobus a due piani; ( USA) letto a castello; (aeron.) biplano; (fam., anche double-decker sandwich) sandwich (o tramezzino) doppio ( a due strati) □ (autom.) double-declutching, doppia debragliata; doppio disinnesto ( della frizione); doppietta (fam.) □ double deuces, il numero 22 □ (econ., fin.: dell'inflazione, dei tassi, ecc.) double-digit, a due cifre □ (econ.) double dip recession, doppia recessione ( con un breve intervallo di crescita tra i due periodi di recessione) □ (fam. USA) double-dipper, chi prende due stipendi (o pensione e stipendio) □ double door, porta doppia (o a due battenti) □ (fam.) double Dutch, lingua incomprensibile; arabo (fig.): The instructions were double Dutch to me, le istruzioni erano arabo per me □ double-dyed, tinto due volte; (fig.) matricolato; di tre cotte □ double-eagle, aquila bicipite ( antica moneta d'oro americana da 20 dollari) □ double-edged, a doppio taglio ( anche fig.): a double-edged compliment, un complimento a doppio taglio; a double-edged sword, una spada a doppio taglio □ (naut.) double-ended ferry, traghetto a doppia prua □ (franc.) double entendre, doppio senso ( malizioso o più o meno licenzioso) □ (rag.) double entry, partita doppia: double-entry bookkeeping, contabilità in partita doppia □ (fotogr.) double exposure, doppia esposizione; sovrimpressione □ double-faced, a due facce, bifronte; (fig.) doppio, ipocrita; ( di tessuto) double-face (franc.) □ ( tennis) double fault, doppio fallo; fallo di battuta □ ( cinema, spec. USA) double feature, doppio programma □ double figures, numeri a due cifre ( da 10 a 99): to be in [to reach o to get to] double figures, avere raggiunto [raggiungere] un valore a due cifre: Inflation in the country could reach double figures next year, l'inflazione nel paese potrebbe raggiungere un valore a due cifre l'anno prossimo □ double first, laurea in due discipline con il massimo dei voti in entrambe ( nelle università inglesi) □ (mus.) double flat, doppio bemolle □ double garage, garage doppio □ double-glazed window, finestra a doppi vetri □ (edil.) double-glazing, (installazione dei) doppi vetri □ double-headed, a due teste, bicipite; (fig.) falso, ipocrita □ (biochim.) double helix, doppia elica □ ( lotta) double hold, cintura □ (leg., USA) double indemnity, clausola di un'assicurazione sulla vita che prevede un'indennità doppia in caso di morte accidentale □ (leg., USA) double jeopardy, il processare q. per un delitto per cui è già stato assolto □ double-jointed, snodato □ (equit.) double jump, salto doppio; ostacolo doppio □ (tipogr.) double-leaded, a spaziatura doppia fra riga e riga □ double life, doppia vita: to live (o to lead) a double life, avere (o condurre) una doppia vita □ (gramm.) double negative, doppia negazione □ double lock, serratura doppia; ( anche) doppia mandata □ (mil.) double march, passo di corsa □ (fam. USA) double nickels, il numero 55; (autom.) il limite delle 55 miglia all'ora □ (fam. USA) double-o (acronimo di once over), ispezione approfondita; esame accurato □ ( Borsa) double option, opzione doppia; stellage; stellaggio □ (equit.) double oxer, largo di barriere □ (autom.) double-parking, parcheggio in seconda (o doppia) fila □ ( a scuola) double period, lezione di due ore ( della stessa materia) □ (elettr.) double-pole switch, commutatore bipolare □ (market.) double pricing, doppia prezzatura ( sulle confezioni: un prezzo è cancellato con un frego) □ double-quick, (agg.) velocissimo; (avv.) di corsa, in un baleno; (sost.) (mil.) passo di corsa □ double quotes, virgolette (doppie): to put st. in double quotes, mettere qc. tra virgolette □ double room, camera doppia ( con letto matrimoniale) □ ( cucina) double saucepan, bagnomaria ( il recipiente) □ ( canottaggio) double scull, due di coppia; doppio skiff □ (mus.) double sharp, doppio diesis □ ( caccia) double shot, doppietta ( due colpi) □ double sided, ( di tessuto, carta, ecc.) double face (franc.) □ (tipogr.) double spread, pagina doppia □ double standard, (econ.) bimetallismo; (fig., anche al pl.) (valutazione con) due metri diversi ( di giudizio); (uso di) due pesi e due misure (fig.); doppiopesismo ( gergo giorn.) □ (astron.) double star, stella doppia □ (biochim.) double-stranded, a doppia catena; a doppio filamento □ ( nuoto) double stroke, doppia bracciata: double-stroke breathing, respirazione in due tempi □ (fam.) double take, reazione di sorpresa a scoppio ritardato: to do a double take, reagire a scoppio ritardato ( per la sorpresa) □ double talk, linguaggio volutamente incomprensibile □ (comput., Internet) double tap, doppio tocco ( con uno stilo o con un dito) □ (econ., fin.) double taxation, doppia tassazione □ double time, (econ.) doppia paga; doppio salario (o stipendio); (mus.) tempo doppio; (mil., USA) passo di corsa □ (mus.) double-tonguing, doppio staccato ( negli strumenti a fiato) □ (med.) double vision, diplopia □ (fam.) double whammy, doppia sfortuna: The team faced the double whammy of relegation and losing its manager, la squadra ha avuto la doppia sfortuna di essere retrocessa e di perdere l'allenatore □ (leg.) double will, testamento congiuntivo e reciproco □ (autom.) double yellow line, doppia linea gialla (in GB indica divieto di sosta e in USA equivale alla doppia linea continua).

1 [uc] doppio: He offered me double, mi ha offerto il doppio

2 sosia; ritratto (fig.): His son is his absolute double, il figlio è il suo ritratto preciso

3 (cinem.) controfigura: a stunt double, un cascatore

4 ( bridge) contre (franc.)

5 (camera) doppia matrimoniale: Do you prefer a double or a twin?, preferisce una doppia matrimoniale o a due letti?

6 doppio ( di bevanda): Make mine a double!, me lo faccia doppio

7 ( scommessa nelle corse dei cavalli) duplice

8 doppio; Doppelgänger (ted.)

9 ( sport: calcio, ecc.: doppia vittoria) doppietta

10 (equit.) doppio ostacolo; gabbia

11 ( baseball) doppio

12 ( tennis, = double fault) doppio (fallo)

13 (pl.) ( tennis) doppio: to play doubles, giocare il doppio; mixed doubles, doppio misto; men's [women's] doubles, doppio maschile [femminile]

14 ( biliardo) (tiro di) raddoppio

15 (tipogr.) ► doublet, def. 8

● double or quits, lascia o raddoppia ( gioco) □ ( tennis) doubles player, doppista; giocatore di doppio □ (mil.) at the double, a passo di corsa □ on (o at) the double, velocemente; in un attimo.

A v. t.

1 raddoppiare: to double prices [revenues, income], raddoppiare i prezzi [le entrate, il reddito]; They doubled their investment in five years, hanno raddoppiato il loro investimento in cinque anni; double a dose, raddoppiare la dose; ( sport) to double one's lead, raddoppiare il vantaggio

2 (= to double over) piegare in due: She doubled the sheet ( over), ha piegato in due il lenzuolo

3 (naut.) doppiare: We doubled the Cape of Good Hope, abbiamo doppiato il Capo di Buona Speranza

4 (cinem., teatr.) interpretare (due ruoli): Patrick Stewart doubled the roles of Claudius and the ghost, Patrick Stewart ha interpretato i due ruoli di Claudio e dello spettro; The company is small, so they often double the parts, la compagnia è piccola, quindi lo stesso attore interpreta spesso due ruoli

5 ( biliardo) far rimbalzare ( una palla) di sponda

6 ( bridge) contrare

7 ( sport) raddoppiare ( le marcature)

8 ( boxe) doppiare ( i colpi)

B v. i.

1 raddoppiare; diventare doppio: Interest rates have doubled, i tassi di interesse sono raddoppiati; The dough should double in size in a couple of hours, il volume dell'impasto dovrebbe raddoppiare in un paio d'ore

2 ( cinema) fare da controfigura: She has doubled for many Hollywood stars, ha fatto da controfigura a molte star hollywoodiane

3 (mil.) andare a passo di corsa

4 ( biliardo) ( di una palla) rimbalzare di sponda

5 ( baseball) fare un doppio

6 (ipp.) fare una duplice.

1915-2002

   En sus inicios profesionales, a mediados de los anos 30, Witney hizo un poco de todo: fue montador, ayudante de direccion e, incluso, guionista, pero a partir de 1937 se dedico a la realizacion, convirtiendose en uno de los directores prolificos de Hollywood, en este caso para la productora Republic. En sus primeros anos como realizador, se especializo en seriales realizados en colaboracion, en particular con John English. La division del trabajo era sencilla: este rodaba las escenas de dialogo y los interiores, y Witney las escenas de accion. De este modo, fue adquiriendo justa fama como director de peliculas de accion, con grandes peleas y largas cabalgadas. Aunque la parte mas extensa de su filmografia la ocupan los westerns, es justo reconocer su labor en otros filmes de accion como Aventuras del capitan Maravillas (Adventures of Captain Marvel, 1941), se rial realizado con el ya citado John English. Como al gunos otros de sus companeros, sirvio extensamente a estrellas del western, en este caso Roy Rogers y Rex Allen. En sus peliculas hay de todo, pero no seria malo revisarlas con alguna atencion porque encontraremos en ellas no pocos detalles interesantes de personal estilo cinematografico.

   FILMOGRAFIA

    The Painted Stallion (co-d.: Alan James, Ray Taylor). 1937. 212 minutos. 12 capitulos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Ray Corrigan, Hoot Gibson, LeRoy Mason, Duncan Renaldo, Julia Thayer.

    The Trigger Trio. 1937. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Ray Corrigan, Max Terhune, Sandra Corday, Hal Taliaferro.

    Zorro Rides Again (co-d.: John English). 1937. 212 minutos. 12 capitulos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. John Caroll, Helen Christian.

    The Painted Stallion (co-d.: Alan James, Ray Taylor). 1938. 67 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Ray Corrigan, Hoot Gibson, Jean Carmen.

    The Lone Ranger (co-d.: John English). 1938. 264 minutos. 15 capitulos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Lee Powell, Lynne Roberts, Bruce Bennett.

    The Lone Ranger Rides Again (co-d.: John English). 1939. 263 minutos. 15 capitulos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Robert Livingston, Duncan Renaldo.

    Zorro’s Fighting Legion (co-d.: John English). 1939. 212 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Reed Hadley, Sheila Darcey.

    Heroes of the Saddle. 1940. 59 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Robert Livingston, Raymond Hatton, Duncan Renaldo, Loretta Weaver, Patsy Lee Parsons.

    Hi-Yo Silver (co-d.: John English). 1940. 69 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Re public. Lee Powell, Lynne Roberts, Bruce Bennett.

    Adventures of Red Ryder (co-d.: John English). 1940. 205 minutos. 12 capitulos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Don Barry, Noah Berry, Vivian Coe.

    King of the Royal Mounted (El rey de la policia montada) (co-d.: John English). 1940. 211 minutos. 12 capitulos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Allan Lane, Robert Strange, Lita Conway.

    King of the Texas Rangers (co-d.: John English). 1941. 215 minutos. 12 ca pitulos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Sammy Baugh, Pauine Moore, Duncan Renaldo.

    King of the Mounties. 1942. 196 minutos. 12 capitulos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Allan Lane, Gilbert Emery, Peggy Drake.

    Outlaws of Pine Ridge. 1942. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Don Barry, Lynn Merrick, Noah Beery.

    Yukon Patrol (co-d.: John English). 1942. 68 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Allan Lane, Robert Strange, Lita Conway.

    Roll on, Texas Moon. 1946. 67 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Roy Rogers, Dale Evans, George Hayes.

    Home in Oklahoma. 1946. 72 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Roy Rogers, Dale Evans, George Hayes.

    Heldorado. 1946. 70 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Roy Rogers, Dale Evans, George Hayes.

    Apache Rose. 1947. 75 minutos. Trucolor. Republic. Roy Rogers, Dale Evans, Olin Howlin.

    Bells of San Angelo. 1947. 78 minutos. Trucolor. Republic. Roy Rogers, Dale Evans, Andy Devine.

    Springtime in the Sierras. 1947. 75 minutos. Trucolor. Republic. Roy Rogers, Jane Frazee, Andy Devine.

    On the Old Spanish Trail. 1947. 75 minutos. Trucolor. Republic. Roy Ro gers, Jane Frazee, Andy Devine.

    The Gay Ranchero. 1948. 72 minutos. Trucolor. Republic. Roy Rogers, Jane Frazee, Andy Devine.

    Under California Stars. 1948. 70 minutos. Trucolor. Republic. Roy Rogers, Jane Frazee, Andy Devine.

    Eyes of Texas. 1948. 70 minutos. Trucolor. Republic. Roy Rogers, Lynne Roberts, Andy Devine.

    Nightime in Nevada. 1948. 67 minutos. Trucolor. Republic. Roy Rogers, Adele Mara, Andy Devine.

    Grand Canyon Trail. 1948. 67 minutos. Trucolor. Republic. Roy Rogers, Jane Frazee, Andy Devine.

    The Far Frontier. 1948. 67 minutos. Trucolor. Republic. Roy Rogers, Gail Davis, Andy Devine.

    Susanna Pass. 1949. 67 minutos. Trucolor. Republic. Roy Rogers, Dale Evans, Estelita Rodriguez.

    Down Dakota Way. 1949. 67 minutos. Trucolor. Republic. Roy Rogers, Dale Evans, Pat Brady.

    The Golden Stallion. 1949. 67 minutos. Trucolor. Republic. Roy Rogers, Dale Evans, Pat Brady.

    Bells of Coronado. 1950. 67 minutos. Trucolor. Republic. Roy Rogers, Dale Evans, Pat Brady.

    Twilight in the Sierras. 1950. 67 minutos. Trucolor. Republic. Roy Rogers, Dale Evans, Pat Brady.

    Trigger, Jr. 1950. 68 minutos. Trucolor. Republic. Roy Rogers, Dale Evans, Pat Brady, Gordon Jones.

    Sunset in the West. 1950. 67 minutos. Trucolor. Republic. Roy Rogers, Penny Edwards, Gordon Jones, Estelita Rodriguez.

    North of the Great Divide. 1950. 67 minutos. Trucolor. Republic. Roy Rogers, Penny Edwards, Gordon Jones.

    Trail of Robin Hood. 1950. 67 minutos. Trucolor. Republic. Roy Rogers, Penny Edwards, Gordon Jones.

    Spoilers of the Plains. 1951. 68 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Roy Rogers, Penny Edwards, Gordon Jones.

    Heart of the Rockies. 1951. 67 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Roy Rogers, Penny Edwards, Gordon Jones.

    In Old Amarillo. 1951. 67 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Roy Rogers, Penny Edwards, Pinky Lee, Estelita Rodriguez.

    South of Caliente. 1951. 67 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Roy Rogers, Dale Evans, Pinky Lee.

    Pals of the Golden West. 1951. 68 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Roy Rogers, Dale Evans, Pinky Lee, Estelita Rodriguez.

    Colorado Sundown. 1952. 67 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Rex Allen, June Vincent, Mary Ellen Kay, Slim Pickens.

    The Last Musketeer. 1952. 67 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Rex Allen, Mary Ellen Kay, Slim Pickens.

    Border Saddlemates. 1952. 67 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Rex Allen, Mary Ellen Kay, Slim Pickens.

    Old Oklahoma Plains. 1952. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Rex Allen, Elaine Edwards, Slim Pickens.

    South Pacific Trail. 1952. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Rex Allen, Estelita Rodriguez, Slim Pickens.

    Old Overland Trail. 1953. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Rex Allen, Virginia Hall, Slim Pickens.

    Iron Mountain Trail. 1953. 54 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Rex Allen, Nan Leslie, Slim Pickens.

    Down Laredo Way. 1953. 54 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Rex Allen, Dona Drake, Marjorie Lord, Slim Pickens.

    Shadows of Tomsbtone. 1953. 54 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Rex Allen, Jeanne Cooper, Slim Pickens.

    The Outcast. 1954. 90 minutos. Trucolor. Republic. John Derek, Joan Evans, Jim Davis, Catherine McLeod.

    Santa Fe Passage (Senderos de violencia). 1955. 90 minutos. Trucolor. Republic. John Payne, Faith Domergue, Rod Cameron, Slim Pickens.

    Stranger at My Door (Un extrano a mi puerta). 1956. 85 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. MacDonald Carey, Patricia Medina, Skip Homeier.

    Zorro Rides Again (co-d.: John English). 1959. 68 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. John Carroll, Helen Christian, Duncan Renaldo.

    The Long Rope. 1961. 61 minutos. Blanco y Negro. CinemaScope. Fox. Hugh Marlowe, Lisa Montell, Alan Hale, Jr.

    Apache Rifles. 1964. 93 minutos. Color DeLuxe. Fox. Audie Murphy, Michael Dante, Linda Lawson.

    Arizona Raiders (El renegado de Arizona). 1965. 88 minutos. Technicolor. Techniscope. Admiral (Columbia). Audie Murphy, Michael Dante, Gloria Talbott, Ben Cooper.

    40 Guns to Apache Pass. 1967. 95 minutos. Eastmancolor. Admiral (Columbia). Audie Murphy, Laraine Stephens, Michael Burns.

1894-1973

   Sean Aloysius O’Fearna, Sean Aloysius O’Feeney, o John Martin Feeney, que con alguno de esos tres nombres figura en diversas biografias, nacio el primero de febrero de 1894, o de 1895 segun otros, en Cape Elizabeth, Maine, de padres irlandeses. En 1914, despues de sus estudios secundarios, se traslada a Hollywood, donde ya se encontraba su hermano Francis, actor y director, del que es ayudante hasta 1917, en que dirige su primera pelicula, The Tornado, como Jack Ford, nombre que en 1923 cambiaria por el de John Ford. Hay que tener en cuenta que el apellido Ford fue el que uso su hermano Francis desde el primer momento. Entre The Tor nado y Buenos amigos (Just Pals, 1920), primera de sus peliculas de la que se conservan copias, rueda un total de 37 filmes de dos, tres y cinco bobinas, siempre para Universal, como productora o, al me nos, distribuidora. Buenos amigos es, precisamente, la primera que realiza para Fox. En adelante, mientras duro el cine mudo, fue esta quien produjo o distribuyo los filmes de John Ford, de los que se conservan solo otros once.

   En total, dirige 67 peliculas mudas, de las que se conservan doce, tres de ellas westerns. Estos son: A prueba de balas (Straight Sho oting, 1917), la archifamosa El caballo de hierro (The Iron Horse, 1924), y Tres hombres malos (Three Bad Men, 1926). Lamentablemente ha desaparecido La fuerza de las circunstancias (Marked Men, 1919), version muda de uno de los westerns sonoros de Ford, Three God fathers. Se conservan, sin embargo, los sesenta filmes sonoros que dirigio, ademas de otro que abandono a poco de comenzar, El sonador rebelde (Young Cassidy, Jack Cardiff, 1965), algunos documentales para el Ejercito y unos pocos trabajos para television. De esos sesenta titulos, solo quince son westerns, y uno de ellos, La conquista del Oeste, es obra de Ford en una pequena parte de su metraje..Por que se dice, entonces, que John Ford es un di rector de westerns?.Por que lo dijo el mismo cuando, en una celebre reunion de directores de cine, durante el asunto aquel del Comite de Acti vidades Antinortea mericanas, al preguntarsele quien era, res pondio: “Soy John Ford. Hago westerns”? Sin duda porque la obra de John Ford no se en tenderia sin sus westerns. Es, sin discusion, uno de los reyes del genero, si no el rey maximo. El director mas admirado por una larga fila de cinefilos, aunque no dirigio tantos westerns sonoros como a primera vista podria parecer, convirtio cada uno de ellos en un espectaculo visual, en el sentido mas profundo del termino. El primero, La diligencia abre la puerta al western moderno, en un momento en el que la produccion del genero estaba mayoritariamente ocupada por filmes de serie de una hora de duracion, la llamada serie B, y seriales diversos. El ultimo, El gran combate, es un emocionante canto a la dignidad del ser humano. John Ford extrae todas las inmensas posibilidades que el genero ofrece como espejo en el que se mira la naturaleza de los seres racionales.

   Entre sus quince westerns sonoros se encuentra la que, sin duda alguna, es una de las diez o quince mejores peliculas de la historia del cine, Centauros del desierto que, junto con la llamada “trilogia de la caballeria” (Fort Apache, La legion invencible y Rio Grande) y la injustamente infravalorada y extraordi naria Dos cabalgan juntos, constituyen la cumbre de la obra de este inigualable realizador en el genero que nos ocupa.

   FILMOGRAFIA

    Stagecoach (La diligencia). 1939. 97 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Walter Wanger Productions (UA). John Wayne, Claire Trevor, John Carradine, Thomas Mitchell, Andy Devine, Louise Platt, Tim Holt, Donald Meek, George Bancroft.

    Drums Along the Mohawk (Corazones indomables). 1939. 103 minutos. Technicolor. Fox. Claudette Colbert, Henry Fonda, Edna May Oliver, Eddie Collins, John Carradine, Dorris Bowdon, Jessie Ralph.

    My Darling Clementine (Pasion de los fuertes). 1946. 97 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Fox. Henry Fonda, Linda Darnell, Victor Mature, Walter Brennan, Tim Holt, Ward Bond, Cathy Downs, John Ireland.

    Fort Apache (Fort Apache). 1948. 127 minutos. Blanco y negro. Argosy Pictures (RKO). John Wayne, Henry Fonda, Shirley Temple, John Agar, Ward Bond, George O’Brien, Victor McLaglen, Pedro Armendariz, Anna Lee.

    Three Godfathers. 1948. 106 minutos. Technicolor. Argosy Pictures (MGM). John Wayne, Pedro Armendariz, Harry Carey, Jr., Ward Bond, Mae Marsh.

    She Wore a Yellow Ribbon (La legion invencible). 1949. 103 minutos. Technicolor. Argosy Pictures (RKO). John Wayne, Joanne Dru, John Agar, Ben Johnson, Harry Carey, Jr., Victor McLaglen, George O’Brien.

    Wagonmaster. 1950. 86 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Argosy Pictures (RKO). Ben Johnson, Harry Carey, Jr., Joanne Dru, Ward Bond.

    Rio Grande (Rio Grande). 1950. 105 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Argosy Pictures (Republic). John Wayne, Maureen O’Hara, Ben Johnson, Harry Carey, Jr.,Chill Wills, J. Carrol Naish, Victor McLaglen.

    The Searchers (Centauros del desierto). 1956. 119 minutos. Technicolor. VistaVision. C.V. Whitney Pictures (WB). John Wayne, Jeffrey Hunter, Vera Miles, Ward Bond, Natalie Wood.

    The Horse Soldiers (Mision de audaces). 1959. 119 minutos. Color DeLuxe. Mirisch Company (UA). John Wayne, William Holden, Constance Towers, Anna Lee.

    Sergeant Rutledge (El sargento negro). 1960. 111 minutos. Technicolor. Ford Productions (WB). Jeffrey Hunter, Constance Towers, Woody Strode, Willie Burke.

    Two Rode Together (Dos cabalgan juntos). 1961. 109 minutos. Eastmancolor. Shpetner Productions (Columbia). James Stewart, Richard Widmark, Shirley Jones, Linda Cristal, Andy Devine, John McIntire, Annelle Hayes.

    The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance (El hombre que mato a Liberty Valance). 1962. 122 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Ford Productions (Paramount). James Stewart, John Wayne, Vera Miles, Lee Marvin, Edmond O’Brien, Andy Devine.

    How the West Was Won (La conquista del Oeste) (co-d.: Henry Hathaway, George Marshall). Episodio: The Civil War (La guerra civil). 1962. 165 minutos (duracion total). Technicolor. Super Cinerama. MGM. George Peppard, Carroll Baker, Russ Tamblyn, John Wayne.

    Cheyenne Autumn (El gran combate). 1964. 159 minutos. Technicolor. Super-Panavision 70. John Ford Bernard Smith Production (WB). Richard Widmark, Carroll Baker, James Stewart, Edward G. Robinson, Karl Malden, Sal Mineo, Dolores del Rio, Ricardo Montalban, Gilbert Roland, Arthur Kennedy.

1898-1959

   Nacido en Chicago, Preston Sturges se consolido, durante la primera mitad de los anos 40, como uno de los grandes nombres de la comedia. Su verdadero nombre era Edmond P. Biden, Jr., pero el divorcio de sus padres y el posterior matrimonio de su madre con el financiero Solomon Sturges le sugirieron el cambio de apellido. Educado en escuelas privadas de Francia, Alemania y Suiza, pretendio emular los exitos financieros de su padrastro dirigiendo durante un tiempo la empresa de cosmeticos de su madre. Invento, al parecer, un lapiz de labios a prueba de besos, pero ya a finales de los anos 20 decidio escribir para el teatro. El paso siguiente fue Hollywood, donde llego a comienzos de los 30. Despues de trabajar para otras productoras, en 1935 se establecio en Paramount, donde escribio guiones y, en su mo mento, rodo sus propias peliculas. En efecto, co mo tantos otros, opto por dirigir sus propios guiones a partir de 1940. Con su primera pelicula, The Great McGinty (1940), logro el Oscar al Mejor Guion. Entre 1940 y 1943 hace ocho peliculas, lo mejor y, en realidad, casi la totalidad de su obra. Los habituales problemas con la productora motivaron la salida del es tudio de Sturges que, en adelante, solo dirigiria otros cuatro filmes, entre 1947 y 1957, entre ellos uno en Francia que seria el ultimo de su filmografia, Los carnets del mayor Thompson (Les carnets du Major Thompson), que resultaria un fracaso total. Las tres noches de Eva (The Lady Eve) y Sullivan’s Tra vels, ambas de 1941 son tal, vez, las mejores de un conjunto de comedias entre las que no resulta facil elegir. No se pueden hacer los mismos elogios de su western, rodado cuando ya la estrella del realizador declinaba.

   FILMOGRAFIA

    The Beautiful Blonde from Bashful Bend. 1949. 77 minutos. Technicolor. Fox. Betty Grable, Cesar Romero, Rudy Vallee.